The Sublime and Architectural Theory Essay Example for Free

The Sublime and Architectural Theory EssayAs Michael K. Hayes comments in Architecture Theory since 1968, a typology to emerge in the mid eighteenth century was a return of architecture to its natural origins, an example of the primitive shelter. This return and respect of nature was interestingly enough occurring across art, literature and beautify object simultaneously and internationally. It was as if people were warily eyeing the beginnings of the industrial Revolution and entered into a love-hate tolerance of the machine age with the concepts of nature playing a quieten role throughout these social and industrial evolutions. In reference to nature, the sublime countered more perceptions of the tamed environment through poetry, painting, national parks and urban design. The name sublime was first used to describe nature by British writers taking the Grand Tour of the Swiss Alps in the 17th and eighteenth centuries. The sublime was meant as an aesthetic quality in nature that was both beautiful and terrible, horrible and harmonious, appreciating the unexpected and dangerous forms found in nature that had been avoided in literature and art through the concepts of a more tamed and friendly environment.German philosopher Immanuel Kant reflects on the concept of boundaries between beauty and the sublime in his unfavorable judgment of Judgment written in 1790. Distinguishing between the differences of beauty versus the sublime, beauty is connected with the form of the object, respecting the objects boundaries whereas the sublime is found in a formless object, boundless, unfamiliar and unexpected.The quixotic Period revealed a shift from the picturesque paintings of a controlled and safe landscape to paintings depicting the grotesque and beautiful as found in works such as Frederic Edwin Churchs Cotopaxi , oil on canvas 1826, an opposition to the classical ideals of perfection. The concept of sublime evolved through the machine age with a sense of self -forgetfulness, an awe-inspired feeling of public assistance and security when faced with an object or place of superiority.It is a realization of unavoidable suffering that is to be accepted and that the difficulties in life will neer be completely resolved. The terrible, beautiful and inescapable sublime resonated with the social instability found in the Modernist period. These two movements faced suffering brought about by the consequences of the Industrial Revolution. Inescapably crowded cities meant survival was dependent on the proximity to work. Leisure was a little afforded luxury. As John Mitchell much later on discusses in hisbook What Is to be Done about Illness and Health (1984), the attributes of a healthy life is a clean and safe environment, time for rest and recreation, a reasonable living standard, freedom from chronic worries, hope for the future, an adequate level of self-confidence and autonomy, and finally to have a worthwhile and fulfilling job. These well-be ing concepts were absent for many low and middle class families working in factories during the machine age and were threatened by social injustices of modern times.Throughout difficult times undergo in the Romantic period up through present day, the order and at times chaos of nature remained a constant influence in the perceptions of design and life. It would seem our societies distanced themselves from primitive nature through perfect geometry of the Classical movement, imitated nature through the rusticity of the hut and embraced the sublime during the Romantic period.It was as if a return to the most basic and natural state gave a sense of control over the uncontrollable, the forest/city was to be tamed, brought into rational order by means of the gardeners art the ideal city of the late eighteenth century was thereby imaged on the garden The acknowledgment and connection of the roles of nature throughout our design history offered an outlying and abstract zeitgeist a continui ng spirit of admiration, reverence and fearful respect of our natural surroundings as they are impacted by our industrial and socially changing cities.

Underage Drinking Essay Example for Free

Underage Drinking EssayThere are several problems caused by underage drinking furtherto a greater extent, this is a serious disease. Most teenagers have a greater record of underage drinking compared to young people 20 years ago. There are more(prenominal) accidents and deaths now as a result of underage intoxicant consumption. Subsequently, we are for the banning of underage drinking. First of all, alcohol causes many a(prenominal) problems for society nowadays. Alcohol has been used throughout history for various reasons.According to the medical Encyclopedia, alcoholism is an illness marked by drinking alcoholic beverages to excess. As long as alcohol consumption is not at a level that interferes with physical health, it is not a problem. There are two types of alcoholism dependence and abuse however, both of them could cause many problems in society. Alcoholism has a large effect in youth there are more than 10. 4 million young people between ages 12 and 20 who suffer f rom it. Second, the difference between social drinking and alcohol has changed a commode over time.Now alcohol abuse has become teenagers focus. In addition, they dont have control over how much they drink. They might want to attend to social events that only involve alcohol, or they cant enjoy themselves. Going to a bar or making a drink by and by coming home from work becomes more important than connecting with friends or family. These days, alcohol might be the way to avoid painful feelings or troubled relationships. As a result, teenagers might resort to dangerous behavior, like campaign while drunk, or they may even exhibit violent behavior.Third, there are more accidents and deaths as a result of underage alcohol consumption. When people ask teenagers how easy it is to get alcohol, they mostly say it is very easy. As alcohol is easier to obtain, it produces more problems. Around 4,300 deaths are caused by teenagers who drink alcohol because they are more likely to have car accidents or fights.For example, according to the daily mail online, Joseph Salah, 19, woolly control of his car while he was driving drunk, crashing and killing David Powel, 20 years old, instantly and injuring two otherwise passengers. Imagine a teen driving drunk without thinking about consequences, or messing around with someone who cannot control his or her behavior it often results in a catastrophe. Finally, we disagree with underage alcohol consumption. Nevertheless, this issue causes a lot of arguments around the world. Society is affected by alcohol, but governments still allow it to be sold while banning other drugs. Alcohol companies produce millions of dollars annually in revenues and taxes thats why governments wont do more to prevent underage alcohol consumption.

Links Between Strategic Management and Leadership

Links Between strategical Management and Leadership1.1 innovation1.1.1 Strategic ManagementStrategic management is Systematic analysis of the factors associated with customers and competitors (the external environment) and the organization itself (the internal environment) to provide the basis for rethinking the current management practices. Its objectives are to obtain better alignment of corporate policies and strategic priorities. (www.businessdictionary.com,n.d).Strategic management is all about analysing of the position of the business now and where it wants to be in long enclosure and what are the means and plans to get there. It is all about defining the business, objectives, goals of the organization.1.1.2 STRATEGIC LEADERSHIPStrategic leadership is refers to a managers potential to express a strategic vision for the organization, or a part of the organization, and to motivate and persuade separates to acquire that vision. (www.managementstudyguide.com,n.d). Its a lea ders point of view, for making a strategy so that all the aims and objectives of the organization can be meet and it helps in achieving success for the organization.1.1.3 Link between Strategic Management and LeadershipLeadership and management are some(prenominal) skills that an organization should possess, courtesy of a chosen leader, with the support of its personnel. A good leadership can be attained through a practice temporary hookup an effective management is learned through course. A leader is the spearhead of the group going to a direction. And once they have found the direction, manager result pursue over to have consistency and make the group proposer after being established. Managers decisions are based on the book or ethical motive that e very(prenominal) member constructed but leaders decide based on their institutions.1.2 MANAGEMENT AND LEADERSHIP IN WIPROWIPRO stands for Western India Pine Refined Oil. It was started as a vegetable oil trading company in 1945 fro m an old mill at Amalner, Maharashtra, India. This was founded by Azim Premjis father, M.H Preji.Azim, a graduate person in Electrical technology from Stanford University, when he finished his studies and then came back to India, unfortunately his father died and after that he took on the leadership of the company at the age 21. He restructured it and modify WIPRO into a consumer goods company that produced hydrogenated cooking oils/fat company, laundry soap, wax and tin containers and later set up Wipro Fluid Power to manufacture hydraulic and pneumatic cylinders in 1975.In 1977, when IBM (International Business Machines) was asked to leave India, Wipro entered the information technology sector.In 1979, Wipro started to develop its own computers, and in 1981 they started to sell their finished products. This was the first in a string of products that have made Wipro one of Indias first computer makers. Wipro Technologies hired managers who held their employees to strict performan ce standards.In 1980 Wipro moved into computer software development and started developing customized software packages for their securelyware customers. This expanded their IT business and subsequently developed the first Indian 8086 chip. Since 1992 Wipro has begun to grow its root offshore in United States and by 2000 Wipro Ltd ADRs (An American repository Receipt) were listed on the New York Stock Exchange site. The companys revenue grew by 450% from 2002 to 2007.Then Wipro started a highly appreciated initiative called WASE Wipro Academy of Software Excellence in 1996. Under this program, some of the brightest science graduates are selected and enrolled in an MS (Software Engineering) program in collaboration with BITS, Pilani.MAJOR DIVISIONSIT Services Wipro provides complete set off of IT services to the organization. The range of services extends from Enterprise Application Services to e-Business solutions. Wipros enterprise solutions serve a host of industries such as Energy and Utilities, Finance, Telecom, and Media and Entertainment.Product Engineering Solutions Wipro is the largest independent provider of RD services in the world. Using Extended Engineering model for leveraging RD investment and accessing new knowledge and experience across the globe, people and technical infrastructure, Wipro enables firms to release new products rapidly.Technology Infrastructure called as TIS.In the Indian Market, WIPRO is a leader in providing IT solutions and services for the cooperate segment in India, offering arrangement integration, network integration, software solutions and IT services. (http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azim_Premji)1.2.1 Leadership in WiproFrom the last few years wipro has exhibit the leadership qualities to the employees as well as to the company. Some of the practical examples are as below wipro is service oriented and at the same time employee centric. i.e., wipro believes in giving excellent service to its clients and at the same ta kes a very good care of their employees.1.3 ConclusionNowadays with the advent of globalisation, competition is increasing and the companies are struggling to get better market position. All the companies are implementing strategies so as to maintain the market position. WIPRO has been so much successful because they are applying management strategies in their day to day life and the company employees are next the strategies in a great way. The employees there really cooperate and that is another reason behind the success of the company. Management of strategy is very much substantial unless the company fails during the implementation and the managers should be efficient. Development of strategy and implementation is not an easy task. Rather its very much complicated. WIPRO became successful because of the efforts of its managers and employees in the execution of strategy. confederation acquired good results on the application of the strategy and other companies are following the strategy applied by the successful companies. This report can help other companies as they get to know the reason behind the success of WIPRO. As competition is increasing day by day the companies should work really hard in attaining their goals and they should work really hard. Management and leadership in WIPRO is excellent and the leaders are cooperating with the employees in making decisions. The employees are given an opportunity to take decisions by the managers and this gives the employees a good feeling about the company. Thus it can be concluded that the only reason behind the success of the company is its leadership skills and the proper implementation of the strategy.1.4 BibligropahyThe Strategic Development of High Potential Leaders, Strategy and Leadership, in press, S. Stumpf, R. Fulmer and J. Bleak.Leadership and beyond The need forstrategic managementskills. Advances in Strategic Management, 1988, Vol. 5., S. Stumpf.Strategic Management definitionReadmorehttp//www.b usinessdictionary.com/definition/strategic-management.htmlixzz16CKYbPyyStrategic leadership definitionhttp//www.managementstudyguide.com/strategic-leadership.htmWipro(http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azim_Premji) date 20th November 2010Sooper Articles Find Articles http//www.sooperarticles.com/http//www.parkli.com/Consulting/AppliedStrategicLeadership.asp

Distinction between British and American Romanticism

Distinction between British and American romanticismDistinction between British and American RomanticismINTRODUCTIONThe Romantic Movement was first originated in Germany, quickly reached England, France, and afar, it spread in America roughly during 1820, some twenty long time after William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge had transfigured English poetry by bringing out Lyrical B tout ensembleads. In America as in Europe, fresh modern visualization inebriate inventive and intellectual groups. However there was a significant distinction that was that Romanticism in America coexisted along with the phase of nationwide growth and the intention of an idiosyncratic American voice. The solidification of a national individuality/identity and the enthusiasm of Romanticism and surging idealism cherished the master prevails of the American Renaissance.Romantic designs were ground on imposture as encouragement, the religious and aesthetic aspect of natural world, and metaphors of na tural development. Romantics argued Art, rather than science, possibly will best convey universal reality. The Romantics accentuate the significance of communicative art for the ordination and individual.Romanticism was assenting and suitable for virtually American creative essayists and poets. Americas deserts, tropics and vast mountains personified the magnificent. The Romantic spirit appeared broadly appropriate to American democratic system It affirmed the worth of the ordinary individual, looked to the inspired imagination for its ethical and aesthetic values and emphasized individualism. Unquestionably the in the raw England Transcendentalists Henry David Thoreau, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and their associates were enth practised to a sensitive hopeful assertion by the Romantic Movement. In New England, Romanticism fell upon fertile soil.LITERARY REVIEWNorthrop Frye, admittance toRomanticism ReconsideredThe anti-romantic movement, which in Britain and America Followed the Hulme-Eliot-Pound broadsides of the early twenties, is now over and done with, and criticism has got its sense of literary tradition properly in focus again. (v)Harold Bloom,The windy Company(1961)Wordsworths Imagination is like Wallace St crimsons angel surrounded by peasants not an angel of heaven, but the necessary angel of earth, as, in its sight, we see the earth again, but cleared and in its hearing we hear the still sad music of humanity, its tragic drone, rise liquidly . . . . For Wordsworth the individual Mind and the external World are very well fitted, each to each other, even as man and wife, and with blended might they accomplish a creation the meaning of which is fully dependent upon the sexual similarity they give to us a new heaven and a new earth blended into an apocalyptic unity that is simply the matter of common acquaintance and common sexuality raised to the freedom of its natural power. (127)Harold Bloom, ed.,Romanticism and Consciousness(1970)The central spiritual trouble of Romanticism is the difficult relation between genius and consciousness, and its prime historical problem the relation between changing concepts of nature and the French Revolution. The leading formal problem results directly from tehse psiritual and historical stimuli, and is a problem of innovations in literary form in questions of aesthetic theory, verbal mode, verse forms and metrics, and the new genres or modifications of genre that appeared. (147)M. H. Abrams,Natural Supernaturalism Tradition and Revolution in Romantic Literature(1973)The Prospectus was probably written at some time between 1800 and 1806. . . . A decade or so later, in the Preface to The parenthesis (1814), Wordsworth still chose to reprint this radical statement of his poetic intentions. . . . In it, Wordsworth reveals his belief that, in the line of inspired British poets (what Harold Bloom has called the Visionary Company), he has been elected as the successor to Milton. . . . (20-2 2)Here, in short, is Wordsworths conception of his poetic role and his great design. The author, though a transitory Being, is the latest in the line of poets inspired by the clairvoyant Spirit, and as such has been granted a Vision (lines 97-8) which sanctions his claim to outdo Miltons Christian story in the scope and audacious novelty of his subject. The vision is that of the frightening depths and height of the human mind, and of the power of that mind as in itself adequate, by consummating a holy marriage with the external universe, to create out of the world of all of us, in a quotidian and recurrent miracle, a new world which is the equivalent of paradise. (28)Jerome McGann, Rethinking Romanticism (ELH1992)Until about ten years ago scholars of romanticism chiefly accepted Rene Welleks classic modern definition of their subject Imagination for the view of poetry, nature for the view of the world, and symbol and myth for poetic style. . . . Today that synthesis has collapsed and compete about theory of romanticism is vigorous from cultural studies, feminist scholarship, etc. . . . .Between 1978 and 1983, . . . . I worked to clarify the distinction between the romantic period (that is, a ill-tempered historical epoch) and romanticism (that is, a set of cultural/ideological formations that came to prominence during the romantic period). The distinction is important not merely because so much of the work of that period is not romantic, but even more, perhaps, because the period is notable for its many ideological struggles. A romantic ethos achieved dominance through sharp cultural date . . . . (735)Marjorie Levinson,Wordsworths Great Period Poems(1986)A new word is abroad these days in Wordsworth scholarshiphistoricistand the adjective carries distinctly heterodox overtones. What is thereby refused is an idealizing interpretive ideal associated with Harold Bloom, Geoffrey Hartman, Paul de Man, and even M. H. Abrams. At the same time, historicist crit ique distinguishes its interests and method from historical scholarship, or from the researches and argumentation of David Erdman, Carl Woodring, E. P. Thompson. More specifically, a number of works published over the last three years position themselves as demystifications of Romanticist readings as well as of Romantic poems. They use history, or sociopolitical reconstruction, to resist the old prevail of Yale. However, insofar as they repudiate the empiricist, positivist concept of historical fact, in that they focus textual antinomy and erasure rather than manifest theme and achieved form, and in that they use their historical remove with conscious opportunism, these works are deeply of the devils party.Anne K. Mellor,Romanticism and Gender(1993)What difference does sex activity set up to our understanding of British literary Romanticism? . . . Whether we interpret British literary Romanticism as a commitment to imagination, vision and transcendence, as did Meyer Abrams, Harol d Bloom and John Beer, or as a questioning, even systematic demystification, of the very possibility of a linguistically unmediated vision, as have Geoffrey Hartman, Paul de Man and host of others, or as an ideology set(p) in specific political and social events, as urged by Carl Woodring, Jerome McGann and the school of new historical Romanticists inspired by their work, or as a complex configuration derived from all of these recent critical cuddlees, we nonetheless have based our constructions of British Romanticism al nearly exclusively upon the writings and thought of six young-begetting(prenominal) poets (Wordsworth, Coleridge, Blake, Byron, Shelley and Keats).What happens to our interpretations of Romanticism if we focus our attention on the numerous women writers who produced at least half of the literature published in England between 1780 and 1830? . . . . There were over 200 produce women poets and at least as many novelists, as well as several playwrights, essayists, memoirists and journalists. . . . This book can only attempt an initial, exploratory mapping of this new literary terrain . . . . But even a cursory, introductory survey reveals significant differences between the thematic concerns, formal practices, and ideological positions of male and female Romantic writers. . . . For the most part, . . . women Romantic writers tended to celebrate, not the achievements of the imagination nor the overflow of powerful feelings, but rather the workings of the rational mind, a mind relocatedin a gesture of revolutionary gender implicationsin the female as well as the male body. (1-2)RESEARCH OBJECTIVEStarted in Europe, toward the end of the eighteenth century, Romanticismwas an artistic, literary, and intellectual movement and was at its zenith, in most areas, in the approximate period from 1800 to 1850. Romanticism was partly a reaction to theIndustrial Revolution. In the early nineteenth century The European Romantic movement reached America. Amer ican Romanticism was just as individualistic and versatile as it was in Europe. Just like the Europeans, the American Romantics also revealed a great level of example enthusiasm, assurance to individualism and the disclosing of the self, an emphasis on instinctive awareness/perception, as well as the supposition that the natural world was intrinsically good, whilst human society was filled with corruption. The 18th and 19th centuries Romanticism presents wide range in content, style and theme than any other era in English Literature. In England, Romanticism had its immense influence from the end of the 18th century up through about 1870. Its most important medium of expression was in poetry, though writers espoused many of the similar themes. The Romantic Movement was slightly postponed and moderated, in America, holding sway over arts and letters from around 1830 up to the civil War. Dissimilar to the English model, American literature supported the novel as the most appropriate genre for Romanticisms elucidation. In a world-wide sense, Romanticism can be considered as an adjective which is pertinent to the literature of almost any time period. Keeping this in consideration, anything from the Homeric epics to present dime bag novels can be supposed to bear the stamp of Romanticism. In spite of such universal disagreements over manipulation, there are several conclusive and widespread declarations one can construct concerning the nature of the Romantic Movement in both America and England.METHODOLOGY TO BE ADOPTEDIn America there was no intense reformist propensity to establish the type of conspiratorial socialism that appeared in Europe. Alternatively, Romanticism in America obtained its own individual approach from the strong bequest of seventeenth century mutinous Puritanism, which was a strict Calvinist type of Protestantism. A philosophy of individuality with the exceptional American bound was developed by American Romantics. American settlers experi enced a sense of blessedness in the new territory. James Fenimore Cooper romanticized the independence of confines civilisation in past anecdotes, for instance, The Last of the Mohicans written in 1826. Herman Melville wrote Moby Dick which manifested a moral vagueness in the American psyche i.e. a clash among the mystical lightlessness and pioneering free will of Puritan principle. American Romanticism was mostly about social relevance and individualism in that everyone was supposed to have an opportunity to make best use of their own value. With Emerson glancing inside to discover godly spirit, which he asserts we all share in common, as well as Emily Dickinson not sledding public by issuing her poetry, American Romanticism is definitely dissimilar to European in every artist. American Romanticism developed from a frontier that undertook chance for growth, freedom, expansion, while Europe did not have this component. The strength of hopefulness invoked by the assurance of an u nexplored frontier was represented in numerous works of art of American Romanticism. Colonization to America produced new outlooks and cultures to the American Romanticism. Augmentation of manufacturing sector in the north that further polarized the agrarian South and the north plus search for new religious cores impacted the American Romanticism and made it noticeably different from European Romanticism.

Trace Elements in the Human Body

Trace Elements in the Human BodyCHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION1.Introduction1.1 Trace Elements in Biological SystemIn upstart years scientists from a variety of disciplines have directed their attention in an aggressive manner to a long neglected bea of biochemical seek i.e. the role of wraith elements for the etiology of disease.Most of the elements present in the periodic table be considered to be take after elements. They argon defined as mixed chemical elements that occur in very small amounts in the torso of organisms (and are referred to as pull elements). These elements are essential for m any physiologic and biochemical processes. A trace element is anelementin a sample that has an average niggardnessof less than 100parts per million (ppm) measured in atomic count or less than 100 micrograms per gram (1). Similarly, if the body needs less than 100 milligram (mg) of an element in a day then it is labelled as a trace element. However, their concentrations may be as low as les s than 100 mg of 1 kilogram (kg) of body weight or 65 kg of a body weight of an adult should not contain more than 7 gram (gm) of a trace element (2).1.2. Role of Trace Elements in Human BodyAll living organisms possess a certain amount of various trace elements in their body in order to process their body scats victorianly. It is incredibly important that optimal balance level of these elements in every organ, tissue and mobile phone of the human body is maintained that serves as a primary reason to keep an organism healthy and functional. These trace elements female genitals be in any chemical form such as inorganic salts or as biochemical agents. The trace elements are ubiquitously distributed all over the earth crest. They play some(a)(prenominal) roles in human body. (However, their role varies,) such as (the element) iron, which is important for the transportation of oxygen in the body, whereas calcium is the basic component of the bones. Both plants and animals require them for their tight-laced functioning, growth, and propagation of their life (3).It is evident that the trace elements are present in the human body in very minute quantity, and if the processes of tote up and demand are interrupted due to any reason for example, the intake of these elements is not sustained up to an adequate amount, or the metabolic disorder fails to absorb these elements up to the necessitate limit for a chemical reaction (and) the body gravels deficient of these trace elements. In case of deficiency, the body uses its reserves, but these reserves have to be replenished. The trace elements are the components of various enzymes, hormones and are a part of complicated physiological and biological mechanisms, through which a body generates other biochemicals, and proteins which help a cathode-ray oscilloscope of systems to come out of this demanding state of affairs unscathed. This ability of a body to keep the level of its nutrients and chemical agents within optimum range despite its supply is called homeostasis. This critical process provides the body sufficient support in order to sustain that pressure, which builds up due to the deficiency of trace elements. However, a lot of hurt occurs within the body during this turmoil. The frequency of these types of episodes leads the body towards the development of umteen diseases and makes it vulnerable for the formation of various disorders.Lifestyle, environmental exposure, and diet advise directly influence the concentration of trace elements in the body. There are numerous and essential metabolic activities which can not be instigated without the presence of these trace elements. Such functions may intromit protein metabolism, red tune cell end product, development of healthy bones and teeth. It may excessively include growth that depends on thyroid hormones, and proper functioning of steel and muscle (functions). Furthermore, grandness, maintenance of the integrity of cell memb ranes, hair coat growth, and electrical stabilization of the cell (electrically) involves directly or indirectly certain trace elements for their proper functioning. Additionally, trace elements serve as a component of B-12, which is critical for proper heart functions, regulation of heart beat, and pigmentation. The trace elements are in like manner required for some other functions that carried out inside the body of organism such as reproduction, maintenance of fluid balance, (aid in) intercellular communication (which is) needed for structure of almost proteins and polar for proper energy processing in the body,( reproduction, act as catalyst,) etc. Another example of such deficiencies or excessiveness of the amount of trace elements can be seen in iodine intake, where such a deficiency (or excess (ive)) can accept goiter (an enlarged thyroid gland). This trace element is expeditiously concentrated by thyroid glands in fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals for the d istinctive purpose of producing thyroid hormones (4).It is stated that selenium can be stored in the cells of body and then become part of the victuals series. It starts when carnivorous grazed in the fields where soil is reach with selenium and consequently the growing crops have received a not bad(p) amount of selenium and eventually high selenium levels become the part of the body of the animals. Initially, selenium was considered to be a toxic element, however with the progression of scientific research and refined consensus has led to the strong belief that selenium is not toxic, and it is essential to several(prenominal) functions in the human body. Such as selenium acts as an antioxidant and sometimes it is present an integral constituent of enzyme glutathione peroxidase (5-6). Regular cellular metabolism is responsible for most of the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in normal cells. Therefore, ROS are neutralized, engaged, or destroyed by the action of antioxid ants. Similarly, the malignant cells also contribute in production of ROS and demonstrate the low levels of antioxidant enzyme in the blood of most pubic louse patients (7). Beyond, the optimum limit of atomic number 24 in the blood of an organism can be linked with onset of diabetes and cardiovascular disease as well (8).Similarly, selenium influences the development of copious degenerative diseases, and its deficiencies among human beings as well as animals are being recognized worldwide as it has some association with recite of pathologies (9).1.3 The Concept of EssentialityThose elements that are indispensable, necessary, and incredibly important for the metabolisms of living organisms are called essential elements. It has been widely accepted and established fact that without the presence of these essential trace elements no biochemical metabolism can be initiated properly, and (on the other hand) the outcome of these chemical reactions does not meet the requirements. Conseq uently, the opinion of essentiality is a leading cause for scientists today to focus their efforts in this field. Furthermore, explore the circumstances through collected data to discern actual facts and reasons for the significance of trace elements required in several metabolic activities in animals. However, special attention must be directed towards how their low or high blood levels, can initiate the development of disease, and the optimum blood levels of these trace elements necessary for the metabolic processes to proceed in a proper manner. This is important because some trace metals which are necessary for growth of an organism may be harmful if their specific concentration is even slightly raised.The essential trace elements act as catalyst and the body of an organism can not produce them itself. The only citation of these elements in the body is our diet. However, the presence of most of these elements is higher animals is just an expression of geochemical origin or the indicator of environmental contaminations. All cells receive their nourishment from extracellular fluid. The activities of all these trace elements biologically furbish optimal implementation by commencing a series of metabolic reactions in each cell. A lack of any step in the series can lead from mild to severe problems to the health of an organizm.The following elements such as zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), selenium (Se) chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), iodine (I), manganese (Mn), and molybdenum (Mo) are considered to be as essential elements for human body. Although they play incredulous roles such as being active offices of enzymes, or control the bioactivity of the metabolism though these elements are present in very small amount of the native body weight. The core consequences of low levels of trace elements are the reduced activities of the concerned enzymes. An element is recognized as essential when it has a well defined function as a stabilizer, structural, hormonal or an enzymat ic cofactor, when it is always present in tissues and organs in well precise concentration range. When it induces reproducible physiological effects, and when it is possible to prevent and treat consequences due to its deficiency through its supplementation.The effects of the essential elements cannot be completely eradicated by any other element. Nevertheless, some other concept of essentiality defines an element as essential when a deficient intake produces an impairment of function. The elimination of an essential trace element produces similar physiological or structural abnormalities apart from type of variety. The restoration of these essential trace elements invalidates or precludes respective abnormalities. Consequently, these abnormalities are accompanied by specific biochemical changes that can be prevented or remedied when the deficiency is prevented and remedied and restore the physiological level of that element. The symptoms of deficiency (is) disappear(s) and body fu nctions becomes normal (10-11). Therefore, the physiological levels are restored and the symptoms which indicate such deficiencies are also vanished and the body functions return to their normal state.Trace elements are essential components of biological structures. To deal with this necessity, biological systems have developed the ability to recognize a metal and throw it to the target without allowing the metal to participate in toxic reactions. Proteins are primarily responsible for such recognition and transport, and prevent most of the associations of trace elements with other molecules that leads to unwanted chemical modications of these molecules (12).1.4. The Transition Metal atomic number 24Chromium is the basic element utilize in various industrial processes such as paint, construction, chrome plating, (and the) production of stainless steel as well as leather tanning, wood preservation, textile dyes and pigments. to a fault the use of chromium in varieties of industri es, trivalent (Cr (III)) and hexavalent (Cr (VI)) chromium compounds are thought to be the most biologically imperative (13-14). For example, the Cr (III) is an essential dietary mineral in low doses. It is required to potentiate insulin for the normal glucose metabolism (15-16). Since 1971, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has been interested to categorize carcinogens and ascertain occupational association with high rate of cancer risk. Some chemicals used in shoe, tire, and furniture manufacturing, as well as nickel refining, diesel fuel, and dry cleaning have been classified as probable carcinogens. Arsenic, asbestos, benzene, benzidine, chromium, 2-Naphthylene, oils, and vinylchloride show occupational exposures causally associated with cancer in humans.1.4.1. Chromium MetabolismThe chemistry of chromium is very interesting and complicated because of having the capability of possessing various oxidation states. However, chromium (III) and (VI) are the most stable forms that exist in our environment. The chromium (III) and chromium (VI) inter-conversion is influenced by numerous factors, such as the concentrations and type of chromium species, nature of oxidizing or cut back agents. Moreover, the electrochemical behavior of the oxidation and reduction reactions, ambient temperatures and pressure, amount of light, sorbents, acid-base reactions, complexing agents, and precipitation and chemical reactions may also play a pivotal roll in support of establishing a specific chromium oxidation state in certain environmental conditions. Chromium can react directly at the site of contact or be absorbed through human tissue. A very important difference is observed that chromate ion (Cr (VI)) slips away through cellular membranes at an exceedingly faster rate than chromium (III) species (17). Chromium (III) combines directly to transferrin, an iron-transporting protein in the plasma after entering the body from an exogenous source. In contrast , chromium (VI) is at one time engaged by erythrocytes after absorption and is reduced to chromium (III) inside the cell. Apart from the source, chromium (III) is extensively distributed within the body and measured for most of the chromium both in plasma or tissues. It has been expounded that the reduction of chromium (VI) does not occur in the plasma. Chromium (VI) enters cells through the phosphate and sulfate anion-exchange carrier pathway. However, most chromium (III) present in the blood stream and is substantially bound to amino acids, and with other organic acids. The plasma proteins, such as globulins may also an attractive target for chromium (III) though a portion of it remains in plasma for an extended period of time as well (18).The blood provides a major carrier service for the delivery of chromium to other parts and organs of the body. The substantial concentration of chromium was discovered as a protein-complex in various parts of the human body such as bone marrow, lungs, lymph nodes, spleen, kidney, and liver, though the highest levels of chromium remains in the lungs (19-20). Excretion of chromium takes base primarily through kidneys, with the release of maximum concentration and without leaving traces of it in the organs. However, almost 10% of an absorbed dose is eliminated by biliary excretion. Nevertheless, minute quantities delivered to hair, nails, milk, and sweat. Chromium usually cleared from blood within hours whereas eradication from the organs of body is not prompt as the half life of chromium is several days. In a study chromium (VI) was administered to volunteers and it was observed that it removed more rapidly from the body than chromium (III) (21).The reduction of chromium (VI) to chromium (III) has been extensively investigated and it has been observed that the consumed hexavalent chromium is vigorously reduced to the trivalent form by the action of chemicals present in stomach such as gastric fluid (22). However the result s of another study show that chromium (VI) is reduced to the chromium (III) form in the red blood cells (RBCs) as well (23). Moreover, during reduction to the trivalent form, chromium may interact with cellular macromolecules, including DNA (18) or it may be released slowly from the cell (24).After conducting a series of experiments a group of scientists purposed various routs (routes) by which conversion of chromium (VI) to chromium (III) can occurs inside the body of an organism. They discovered that as soon as chromium (VI) enters inside the cell it is immediately interconnected by cellular reductants and converts chromium (VI) to the trivalent form. The reductants may consist of ascorbic acid, glutathione, and flavoenzymes. The example of glutathione is cytochrome P-450 glutathione reductase and the example of flavoenzymes is riboflavin. However, inter-conversion of one oxidation state to another oxidation of chromium today occurs when reducing agent is ascorbate instead of gl utathione. At some point during the process of conversion from one oxidation to another oxidation state chromium is heart-to-heart of producing many other types of unstable complexes as well as free radicals such as hydroxyl group (*OH) and single atom of oxygen (1O2). Besides the production of oxidants, the presence of DNA abrasions were also observed during this series of experiments. For example these abrasions may consist on oxidative damage of DNA, and production of 8-oxo-deoxyguanosine etc. However, it is fluid mystery whether to characterize the formation of various intermediate chromium complexes as potential carcinogen with respect to chromium (VI) (25-26).1.4.2. Chromium DeficiencyChromium deficiency has been associated with many factors such as impaired glucose tolerance, fasting hyperglycemia, glucosuria, elevated body fat percentage, decreased lean body mass, maturity-onset diabetes, cardiovascular disease, decreased sperm count, and impaired fertility etc (27). A rec ent comparative study revealed that supplement chromium (III)-picolinate is an excellent source of chromium towards its own deficiency as compared to chromium (III)-niacin (19). However on that point is a long list of fresh food and nuts that are available in the market that are considered to be a rich source of chromium (III) such as cereals, spices, fresh vegetables, meats, and fish etc.1.4.3. Chromium ToxicityGenerally the toxicity of an element is measured on the basis of its fatal dose, where the tolerance limit of the body is exhausted and the consequences of high levels of particular element appear in the form of signs, symptoms, and medical impairments. These elements are estimated for their toxicity or carcinogenic potential exclusively by measuring their levels present in the blood of an organism for instance, tin and lead. However, chromium is exceptional among the list of carcinogens due to its versatile nature of retaining various oxidation states such as chromium (IV ), chromium (V), chromium (IV), and chromium (III) etc. Therefore, chromium oxidation states have also been taken into estimate for the evolution of chromium carcinogenicity. For example, consideration of a hazardous waste material is dependent on the concentration of chromium present in the form of chromium (VI) while the other forms of chromium are classified as non carcinogens, according to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Furthermore, it has been recommended that the measurement of toxic levels of chromium is also reliant on the availability of biological form of chromium (28).

Effect of Female Principals Management Styles on Teachers Job satisfaction in Isfahan- Iran, Girls High Schools :: Education, Educational Systems, Nurturing

Nowadays, Education has changed and developed fundamentally due to cultural, social and political changes. Education is under intense scrutiny by public and secluded interests who question the organisations ability to fulfill its goals of t severallying basic skills, instilling values, preventing dropouts, and producing a productive workforce. Such an incredible responsibility requires high committed to fulfilling the high expectations .Nurturing and educating the invigorated generation have assigned to educational systems. Today, educational administration means leadership, directing, reform and change. Therefore, achievement to high level goal of education in each society, demand renovation and reorganization and new thinking in management of educational systems (Allahabad, 2004). Educational Administration either in supervision and monitoring of pecuniary and official affairs, in education or others that involving directly with development and implementation of educational pr ogram , have responsibility and tasks in achievement of essential objectives of educational administration as named facilitating teaching-learning process. Schools must give more(prenominal) attention to teacher profession cheer because it may promote efficiency and staff satisfaction. One of the all important(predicate) factors in improvement of psychological and spiritual energy for staff in the organization is promotion of job satisfaction in teachers. In fact, job satisfaction is a kind of emotional and affective coping with job and its conditions which it consists of two components cognitive and behavioral. The cognitive aspect is indicator for staff believes about their job conditions and behavioral aspect means individuals trends to their job. Cognitive aspect has more validity than other behavioral aspects due to further relationship with individuals attitudes. A successful education system is dependent upon a high quality teaching staff. In order to develop this high q uality teaching staff, one must look at factors associated with teacher quality and retention. One of these factors is teacher job satisfaction. Job satisfaction can be defined as an overall feeling about ones job or career in terms of specifies, i.e. compensation, autonomy, coworkers administration. Job satisfaction has been studied for many years. Happock (1935) was one of the first researchers to study job satisfaction. He found that workers were more satisfied with a supervisor who was understanding and helpful (as in cited, Bass, 1990). Frederick Herzberg (1959), psychologist and researcher studied job satisfaction because he believed higher(prenominal) satisfaction led to higher productivity, decreased absenteeism, and better working relations. He found that positive feeling about work, a sense of personal worth, and a sense of personal fulfilment were related to achievement and responsibility (Wetherell,2002).

Student Uniforms :: essays research papers

Students are always complaining about the dress codes at their school, and tot wholey rejecting the idea of school uniforms, but I feel there are many benefits to this proposal. These days bothone is so concerned about being attractive and popular that they forget the real reason for dismission to school. The increase in academic performance and school spirit, along with the decrease in violence, is more important than looking cool for your friends.South Carolina school systems feature the lowest test scores in the nation. Our students are not daft they just do not consider schoolwork a top priority. With uniforms for every student, there would be less focus on fashion and more emphasis on education. Our report cards would be posted on the refrigerators for everyone to see, alternatively than stuffing them in the bottom of our backpacks. The students would be rewarded for their efforts, therefore their self esteem would also rise.Teen violence has reached its peak in our schools . Last year, numerous killings took put at schools around the country, largely due to taunting amongst the students. Uniforms would prohibit the wearing of chains, large pockets for hiding weapons, and gang colors worn to incite fights. Less students would be teased for their attire, and sexual harassment caused by provocative clothing would come to an end. Our schools would provide a more secure environment in which we all could learn. give lessons spirit in South Carolina is extremely lacking, and it shows. Our athletic teams have very limited support, and it affects their performance greatly. A student could be missing on a field trip, and they would not be located for hours because they simply blended with the crowds from other schools. If we were obligated to wear uniforms, we would be more recognizable in public surroundings, and our esthesis of school pride would blossom. To quote Henry David Thoreau, take the earth at your feet, and paint your house that color. School spir it should shine eminently in all students lives not fizzle out like a dampened fuse.Many students argue about the restrictions on their personal freedom. They do not realize that they could still look at their own trendy accessories, and they can wear whatever they desire at home and on the weekends.